tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43356104314705649662024-03-29T16:32:47.093+05:30Engineer DiaryA Guide to Construction EngineerS. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.comBlogger227125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-46441289118811280152024-03-17T00:00:00.001+05:302024-03-17T00:00:00.235+05:30Welding Terms (E & F)<p>Dear Readers,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Following Terms are commonly used in
Welding works.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Edge Joint -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: red;">The outer edge of
two plates butted up 90 degrees parallel to each other.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Edge Preparation -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Before welding
the edge of a plate or pipe, care is taken to ensure a sound weld. It may be
torch cut or beveled, machined with a grinder, filed, or all three.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Electrode -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #800180;">Electrodes come
either covered with flux, or just bare wire. In the field an electrode is
called a "rod" in stick welding, and "wire" for Mig and
Flux Cored Arc Welding.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Electrode Extension –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">The length
of electrode extending beyond the end of the contact tube.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Electrode Holder –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">A hand clamp
that holds a welding rod and conducts electricity out of the rod in DIRECT
CURRENT ELECTRODE NEGATIVE, or into the rod in DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRODE
POSITIVE.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Electron Beam Welding –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #134f5c;">A welding
process producing coalescence of metals with molten slag which melts the filler
metal and the surfaces of the work to be welded. The molten weld pool is
shielded by the slag, which moves along the full cross section of the joint as
welding progresses.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU2kFDTjLHOt28WhEr4-ieSkNsDBdMGKRfP-TTK0LtWLVwlUCX08zBe-yNyd02JqJ_47xOMcSDxL65EF555ZCwyfuJDSg4kIywRnODOXOvHFtq9HAtgvjJR8frr6VGmGTM2Q8Va-em61sh2OBw1RnngyIXTV7gfmVZQZbN2kGKV3yFki5MCQXSByajMOw/s375/electro_sag_weld.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="375" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU2kFDTjLHOt28WhEr4-ieSkNsDBdMGKRfP-TTK0LtWLVwlUCX08zBe-yNyd02JqJ_47xOMcSDxL65EF555ZCwyfuJDSg4kIywRnODOXOvHFtq9HAtgvjJR8frr6VGmGTM2Q8Va-em61sh2OBw1RnngyIXTV7gfmVZQZbN2kGKV3yFki5MCQXSByajMOw/w320-h230/electro_sag_weld.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Electroslag Welding –<span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">A welding
process producing coalescence of metals with molten slag which melts the filler
metal and the surfaces of the work to be welded. The molten weld pool is
shielded by the slag, which moves along the full cross section of the joint as
welding progresses.</span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Eutectoid Composition –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A mixture
of phases whose composition are determined by the eutectoid point in the solid
region of an equilibrium diagram and whose constituents are formed by eutectoid
reaction.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Face -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #38761d;">On plate or pipe welding
there is a ROOT PASS, HOT PASS, FILLER PASS, and CAP. The root penetrates
through the back of the plate, the cap is on the surface which you are welding,
which is the face.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Facing Surface –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #660000;">The surfaces of
materials in contact with each other and joined or about to be joined together.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fan:</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #0c343d;">Welding machines have a fan
to cool the machine down and keep it from overheating. (Check the Duty Cycle / Working
Hours) Some fans run constantly, while others run "on demand" which
means it comes on when necessary and clicks off when not needed.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Ferrous Metal -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #20124d;">Ferrous means
that the metal is iron, or iron with alloys.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Filler Material –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #800180;">The material to
be added in making a welded, brazed, or soldered joint.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #741b47;">A weld of
approximately triangular cross section that joins two surfaces approximately at
right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld Face -</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"> The surface or
top of the weld.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld Leg -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">From the
intersection of the joint to the end of the weld. There will be a leg for each
plate.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld Toe -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">Is the end of
the weld at the end of the leg. Again, there will be one for each plate.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld Root -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Where the weld
begins at the intersection of the joined plates.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fillet Weld Throat -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">The distance
from the root to the face.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Filter Plate –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #783f04;">A transparent
plate tinted in varying darkness for use in goggles, helmets, and hand shields
to protect workers from harmful ultraviolet, infrared, and visible radiation.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flame Spraying –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #38761d;">A thermal
spraying process using an oxy-fuel gas flame as the source of heat for melting
the coating material.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flammable Range –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">The range over
which a gas at normal temperature (NTP) forms a flammable mixture with air.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flat Welding Position –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #800180;">A welding
position where the weld axis is approximately horizontal and the weld face lies
in an approximately horizontal plane.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flashback –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">A recession of the
flame into or back of the mixing chamber of the torch.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flashback Arrestor –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #351c75;">A device to
limit damage from a flashback by preventing the propagation of the flame front
beyond the point at which the arrestor is installed.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flash Burn -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: red;">This is a burn from
the radiation produced from the ULTRAVIOLET rays from the welding arc. It can
burn the skin like sunburn, and even blister the cornea. You do not realize it
until hours later when it feels like someone is rubbing hot sand in your eyes.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flashing –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #274e13;">The violent expulsion
of small metal particles due to arcing during flash butt welding.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6N6f9leLUkF1pAYRTkRTv-S9HbxVpz4WC7DS6A5tIRxX2UfQFb3AXQaWmTMtzSZB906Tsu8iNYZw-hueG6yYmj2CJMOjHwT4PKb5YroME_T0LdGv7EapJU3kJZs3HAn9qWr2LDMyalSwHhiMqoyavDnxeU7J-O0Mc9ClCymX_zQFpcGyG0MMwZoaYOsM/s304/argon_flow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="304" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6N6f9leLUkF1pAYRTkRTv-S9HbxVpz4WC7DS6A5tIRxX2UfQFb3AXQaWmTMtzSZB906Tsu8iNYZw-hueG6yYmj2CJMOjHwT4PKb5YroME_T0LdGv7EapJU3kJZs3HAn9qWr2LDMyalSwHhiMqoyavDnxeU7J-O0Mc9ClCymX_zQFpcGyG0MMwZoaYOsM/s1600/argon_flow.jpg" width="304" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flow Meter –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #783f04;">Also known as a flow
sensor, a flow meter is a device designed for measuring nonlinear or linear
flowrate. It measures the volumetric or mass flow rate of gases.</span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flux –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Material used to prevent,
dissolve, or facilitate removal of oxides and other undesirable surface
substances.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) –</span><span lang="EN-US">
<span style="color: #134f5c;">An arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by means of tubular
electrode. Shielding gas may or may not be used.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Free Bend</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #00b050;">Test -</span> <span style="color: #741b47;">Also called a guided bend test, this is a destructive
test. A coupon is cut from a test plate, the weld grinded, then the coupon
(usually 1 ½ "wide by 7" long) is bent in a JIG. It is then VISUALLY
INSPECTED for cracks and defects.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Friction Welding –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: red;">A solid
welding process which produces coalescence of material by the heat obtained
from a mechanically induced sliding motion between rubbing surfaces. The work
parts are held together under pressure.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Friction Stir Welding –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">A
solid-state welding process, which produces coalescence of material by the heat
obtained from a mechanically induced rotating motion between tightly butted
surfaces. The work parts are held together under pressure.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Forehand Welding –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A welding
technique where the welding torches or gun is pointed toward the direction of
welding.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fumes -</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">Welding fumes are a
complex mixture of metals metallic oxides, silicates, and fluorides. Fumes are
formed when a metal is heated above its boiling point and its vapors condense
into very fine, particles (solid particulates). Welding fumes generally contain
particles from the electrode and the material being welded</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Fusion –</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #073763;">The melting together of
filler metal and base metal (substrate), or of base metal only, which results
in coalescence.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-73799135403724675532024-03-02T09:15:00.000+05:302024-03-02T09:15:03.792+05:3014th Blogiversary<p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Dear
Readers,</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Today
I am very happy and proud because this blog has completed its 14 years and
today it’s entering into15th year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">I have been working in construction industry continuously for
past 36 years. Like others, I struggled to gain the knowledge of this industry
in my earlier days.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">I have started this blog to pass on the knowledge and benefits
gained from my experience to the next generation so that the newcomers do not
face such difficulties like me.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">I am
so proud to express that I've been writing consistently over 14 years, and I am
also glad that this blog does not post anything other than engineering.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoENu37TZgh92cqRXoAVFRA_-ROsu9XAsR2Rx7AFHqnhSRZ94ddBr7oh1jEKOxwet5u9RXczVdMCBAjRw70saRajnTS8Gm1gOIE0dV1ZRAKuCy9YP5dV0fd_G8m-u0ujdWvz74_WOYrqOb9JptZB_fDtbZHXix_ppXrUnhPO3QczRksuZcLu16k6uVSJM/s475/blogoversary3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="475" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoENu37TZgh92cqRXoAVFRA_-ROsu9XAsR2Rx7AFHqnhSRZ94ddBr7oh1jEKOxwet5u9RXczVdMCBAjRw70saRajnTS8Gm1gOIE0dV1ZRAKuCy9YP5dV0fd_G8m-u0ujdWvz74_WOYrqOb9JptZB_fDtbZHXix_ppXrUnhPO3QczRksuZcLu16k6uVSJM/w400-h206/blogoversary3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So
happy to know that this blog has reached more than one million page views </span><b><span style="color: red;">(10365040)</span></b>
<span style="color: #2b00fe;">and</span> <b><span style="color: red;">158</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">followers. Many more thanks to the people who made this wonderful
moment and I expect you to give the same support in the future too.</span></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This
website has been without any ads from the beginning till now. Currently I have
linked google AdSense which I made as a trail while I assure you to remove the
ad from this blog if it gives any troubles in future.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">I
have been writing under my pseudonyms </span><span style="color: #800180;">Crane and Craneman</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> for so long and since it
is the beginning of 15</span><sup style="color: #2b00fe;">th</sup><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> year, I have decided to write under my original
name </span><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>Arivu & S.Arivazhagan</b>. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Now I want to remember Mr. Chandru, a young man who joined us
as a trainee engineer for introducing me to these blogs concept 14 years ago.
He also explained me how to start a blog and also express our knowledge and
thoughts through the blog. I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to him at
this auspicious moment.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">For your kind information, this blog will continue as always
with minimum one post per month and maximum 25 posts per year.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">Dear readers and friends, I kindly request you to continue
your support to my blog.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Once again I thank you all…….</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-11200471737144355512024-02-25T00:00:00.001+05:302024-02-25T00:00:00.130+05:30Structural Steel Standard of Chinese<p> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Dear Readers,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As you are well aware due to globalization all
works has been very competitive and it is helping us to exchange of knowledge
and standards, in this scenario Chinese works are having more impact and
competition throughout the world. Now it is very essential to know the Chinese
standards and how it is indicated in drawings. Let us discuss how to identify
and compare with our standards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqX7oJV9PF6jdjMtl-ogkUmbNpDJkh3O9GBJ6DJs6_Zg352hKsgW5SO_490RkKs8NFtlj-dq_ubYHIwjXcs0sQ4YS48q6Vk-E8Ug5zh4Oz55liPUsz10xBYm8oFOIAqvE4c0jMFo_KU10DrCsEX9E-2gvsUoZQHwT11Sz90v5wL2BTezded7vryXlJ6XQ/s403/chinese_steel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqX7oJV9PF6jdjMtl-ogkUmbNpDJkh3O9GBJ6DJs6_Zg352hKsgW5SO_490RkKs8NFtlj-dq_ubYHIwjXcs0sQ4YS48q6Vk-E8Ug5zh4Oz55liPUsz10xBYm8oFOIAqvE4c0jMFo_KU10DrCsEX9E-2gvsUoZQHwT11Sz90v5wL2BTezded7vryXlJ6XQ/s16000/chinese_steel.jpg" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">All Chinese standards are having prefix GB
like IS for Indian Standard, JIS for Japanese. For Construction related works
and other works different Chinese standards are followed, which are listed
below.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GB= GuojiaBiaozhun( National Standard in
Chinese)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SY = Shi You (Petroleum)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JB =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>JianBiao(Construction Standard)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GB/T = T : Tuijian(recommended GB)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HG =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>HuaGong (PetroChemical)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Chinese standards for General structural
steel (including chequered steel) is GB/T 700-2006. Grade of materials
available is Q235 (A/B/C/D); Q275 (A/B/C/D).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Generally Chinese Steel Grades are Q195,
Q215, Q235, Q255 and Q275 is used for Structural works. steel grades by the
yield point of the letter on behalf of (Q) and yield point value is mentioned
and sub grade A, B, C & D are used for further classification. For Example
Q235A means, it is a carbon steel and having maximum yield strength of 235 Mpa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For Steel section Channel is mentioned as
"C"; Angles are mentioned as "L" and Beams are mentioned as
“I “or “H " followed by number. To find out the size of section is number
multiple by 10 is the size of member. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For Example C16 means Channel 160 mm depth. Similarly
H10 means H section 100 mm depth. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">If the same size but width or Flange size is
different then suffix a, b, c is shown. For example C20a & C20b, Both are
200 Channel however flange is 73 and 75 mm respectively. C20a means Channel 200
X 73 and C20b means Channel 200 X 75<o:p></o:p></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-31964623226909510142024-02-11T12:45:00.000+05:302024-02-11T12:45:13.443+05:30Difference Between Tablespoon and Teaspoon<p> Dear Readers,</p><p>During preparation of some other articles self has come across these details of tablespoon and teaspoon. It will be useful to you.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The teaspoon was
introduced in London in 1686 as the perfect-sized spoon to measure any amount
of tea. It could also be used for the sugar and cream afterward. However, these
teaspoons were not standardized and could range anywhere from 2.5 ml to 6 ml in
volume.<o:p></o:p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">That’s why the
modern-day measuring teaspoon is exactly 5 ml and is standard across the board
so that any chef or cook can measure the exact same amount of ingredients.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">You can also
call a serving spoon a tablespoon, and this is the word's original
meaning, from "spoon for table service," first used around 1760.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A tablespoon is
15ml. If you don't have any metric measurements, then remember that a
tablespoon is approximately equal to your thumb.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Generally, liquids are measured in Milli liter (ml). However during cooking it used to measure by cups or teaspoon, tablespoon and Ounce. Conversion Table of Teaspoon, Tablespoon, Cup, Fluid Ounce with metric standard is as follows.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-FlKHWKkmgjnzfbB3vRx4SN62Yn4O0KADobBWmd16ab5dRFo_njRqoTPdQS2g5V5YFKMDnOgSaYgMgs458YG8iEvpRiVg3-3AS94tunc2lqgdpgg0brME7fUJBmMFZHw3eVKwW-2Q2qm4WuMM8X8quQvdAPFfE-Y_MBScU7nXME5r2sMKDAc7u-Y6MI/s954/SPOON.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="946" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-FlKHWKkmgjnzfbB3vRx4SN62Yn4O0KADobBWmd16ab5dRFo_njRqoTPdQS2g5V5YFKMDnOgSaYgMgs458YG8iEvpRiVg3-3AS94tunc2lqgdpgg0brME7fUJBmMFZHw3eVKwW-2Q2qm4WuMM8X8quQvdAPFfE-Y_MBScU7nXME5r2sMKDAc7u-Y6MI/w397-h400/SPOON.png" width="397" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If you're looking for a grams-to-teaspoons
conversion chart, you won't find one here. Grams are a measure of mass, and
teaspoons measure volume. The correct conversion depends on the density of the
item you're measuring. </span></div></span>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-49474047315383005302024-01-14T00:00:00.001+05:302024-01-14T00:00:00.126+05:30Welding Terms (C & D)<p>Dear Readers,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Following Terms are commonly used in
Welding works<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Camber </span><span lang="EN-US">– <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Deviation from edge
straightness, usually the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cap Pass</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #ff00fe;">The final pass of a
weld joint, it can be made with a weave motion back and forth, or with stringer
beads tied into each other.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Carrier Gas</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #990000;">In thermal
spraying, the gas used to carry powdered materials from the powder feeder or
hopper to the gun.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Capillary Action</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The action by
which the liquid surface is elevated or depressed where it contacts a solid
because the liquid molecules are attracted to one another and to the solid
molecules.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cladding</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: red;">A thin (>
0.04" or 1mm) layer of material applied to the base material to improve corrosion
or wear resistance of the part.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Clad</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="color: #00b050;">Metal</span>
– <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been welded
together. The welding may have been accomplished by roll welding, arc welding,
casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Coalescence</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #990000;">The uniting of many
materials into one body.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YUcKxSKnwPDR79pRzuS0rUjxhqqHEV4aqMD4vKtBRqa6ICWQSJQkHEG66Cn0G9RQdXZJt3AcMfrhh5YCq0vAutcMfO3U6B-lO2uENRVuDDdUNay-W5vJXxGu0QnCJmB7PVxcQwiN6pGwOgX6wf038KO4ajq00lBMceTraYAREO44SYhWtE43vj0veqo/s270/electrode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="241" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YUcKxSKnwPDR79pRzuS0rUjxhqqHEV4aqMD4vKtBRqa6ICWQSJQkHEG66Cn0G9RQdXZJt3AcMfrhh5YCq0vAutcMfO3U6B-lO2uENRVuDDdUNay-W5vJXxGu0QnCJmB7PVxcQwiN6pGwOgX6wf038KO4ajq00lBMceTraYAREO44SYhWtE43vj0veqo/s1600/electrode.jpg" width="241" /></a></div>Coated Electrode <span lang="EN-US">- <span style="color: #38761d;">That is the
flux on the filler metal of a welding rod.</span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Coherent</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: red;">Moving in unison.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cold Lap</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Incomplete fusion or
overlap.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Collimate</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #800180;">To render parallels
to a certain line or direction.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Complete Fusion</span><span lang="EN-US"> –<span style="color: #351c75;"> Fusion that has
occurred over the entire base material surfaces intended for welding, and
between all layer and passes.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Complete Joint Penetration</span><span lang="EN-US"> –
<span style="color: #cc0000;">Joint penetration in which the weld metal completely fills the groove and is
fused to the base metal throughout its total thickness.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Concavity </span><span lang="EN-US">- <span style="color: #2b00fe;">It is when a Fillet
Weld bead sags inward from the root Face to the Root.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Constant Current Power Source</span><span lang="EN-US"> –
<span style="color: #ff00fe;">An arc welding power source with a volt-ampere output characteristic that
produces a small welding current change from a large arc voltage change.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Contact Tube</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #660000;">A system component
/ A device that transfers current from the torch gun to a continuous electrode.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Contact Resistance</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #ffa400;">The
resistance in ohms between the contacts of a relay, switch, or other device
when the contacts are touching each other.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Convexity</span><span lang="EN-US"> - <span style="color: #cc0000;">This is when a Fillet
Weld bead protrudes outwards from the Root to the Face.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Corner Joint</span><span lang="EN-US"> - <span style="color: red;">One of the five
basic weld Joints. It is when the edges of two plates butt up to each other at
a 90-degree angle. It usually provides a groove to fill providing good
Penetration.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Covered Electrode</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #0b5394;">A filler
metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding, consisting of a metal-wire
core with a flux covering.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Crater</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #ff00fe;">In arc welding, a
depression on the surface of a weld bead.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Crater Crack</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #ffa400;">A crack in the
crater of a weld bead.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Critical Temperature</span><span lang="EN-US"> - <span style="color: #660000;">This is
when the base metal transitions from solidus to liquidus as you heat it during
the welding process.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cryogenic</span><span lang="EN-US"> –<span style="color: red;"> Refers to low
temperatures, usually -200°C (-130°F) or below.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Current </span><span lang="EN-US">- <span style="color: #0c343d;">In the electric circuit
the current is the flow of electricity. What you're welding on resists the flow
and that forms heat. AMPS are the measurement of your current.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cutting Attachment</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">A device for
converting an oxy-fuel gas-welding torch into an oxy-fuel cutting torch.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Cylinder </span><span lang="EN-US">– <span style="color: #800180;">A portable container
used for transportation and storage of a compressed gas.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Defect </span><span lang="EN-US">– <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A discontinuity or
discontinuities that by nature or accumulated effect (for example, total crack
length) renders a part or product unable to meet minimum applicable acceptance
standards or specifications.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Density</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #351c75;">The ratio of the weight
of a substance per unit volume, e.g. mass of a solid, liquid, or gas per unit
volume at a specific temperature.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0kw34mbOVF5mRrxLgI5AbP197aVxKnwmL0QRfT7cMklwfYRKp2Qt_ytjOtHGRhlIhD6qadA_Sr-6H7YchtzOfaFDDHdT7AIU5fuX0zsTMWIr2sIk337qQ8v1lfe0ivThChziuqfoPpoADlm3uSZ1YZ5Hno-em2eWEL7GYPP-TrMQe2sS6e1-umbpNtu8/s466/weld_Deposit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="466" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0kw34mbOVF5mRrxLgI5AbP197aVxKnwmL0QRfT7cMklwfYRKp2Qt_ytjOtHGRhlIhD6qadA_Sr-6H7YchtzOfaFDDHdT7AIU5fuX0zsTMWIr2sIk337qQ8v1lfe0ivThChziuqfoPpoADlm3uSZ1YZ5Hno-em2eWEL7GYPP-TrMQe2sS6e1-umbpNtu8/s320/weld_Deposit.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Deposited Metal<span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #990000;">Filler metal
that has been added during welding, brazing, or soldering.</span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Deposition Efficiency</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #741b47;">In arc
welding, the ratio of the weight of deposited metal to the net weight of filler
metal consumed, exclusive of stubs.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Deposition Rate</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The weight of
material deposited in a unit of time. It is usually expressed as pounds hour
(lb/h) or kilograms per hour (kg/h).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Depth of Fusion</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #660000;">The distance
that fusion extends into the base metal or previous pass from the surface
melted during welding.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Dew Point</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #134f5c;">The temperature and
pressure at which the liquefaction of a vapor begins. Usually applied to
condensation of moisture from the water vapor in the atmosphere.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Dilution</span><span lang="EN-US"> –<span style="color: #ff00fe;"> The change in chemical
composition of a welding filler material caused by the admixture of the base
material or previously deposited weld material in the deposited weld bead.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Direct Current</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: red;">Electric current
that flows in one direction.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in where the
electrode is the negative pole and workpiece is the positive pole of the
welding arc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Direct Current Electrode Positive (DCEP)</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #134f5c;">The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in where the
electrode is the positive pole and workpiece is the negative pole of the
welding arc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Ductility </span><span lang="EN-US">- <span style="color: red;">Is the metal bending
and staying bent without breaking.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Duty Cycle</span><span lang="EN-US"> – <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The percentage of
time during a period that a power source can be operated at rated output
without overheating.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">Dynamic Load</span><span lang="EN-US"> –<span style="color: #ff00fe;"> A force exerted by
a moving body on a resistance member, usually in a relatively short time
interval.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-71205201666306074012024-01-01T00:00:00.001+05:302024-01-01T00:00:00.139+05:30Happy New Year-2024<p><b><span style="color: red;">Dear Readers,</span></b></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Wish You a Happy New Year</span></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1OlEOYMRJBDffrqYpsEHRroa7TN5isTw34IhXxpxJ_FsDYrQG6kZCdKndURyyb6wSPCT2dYDvNGpfrCD3nkuBD5xqGe7wSkmswgk0t4PiA19FYx7VokKm11OTT8zOIjh8Gvtcr1cwL8XACaV-fIs_fHqPpiTvknu6AVgZ5o3C47vbQ-YOtS7WXVdPCY/s474/newyear1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1OlEOYMRJBDffrqYpsEHRroa7TN5isTw34IhXxpxJ_FsDYrQG6kZCdKndURyyb6wSPCT2dYDvNGpfrCD3nkuBD5xqGe7wSkmswgk0t4PiA19FYx7VokKm11OTT8zOIjh8Gvtcr1cwL8XACaV-fIs_fHqPpiTvknu6AVgZ5o3C47vbQ-YOtS7WXVdPCY/s16000/newyear1.jpg" /></a></div><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">May the New Year bring you happiness, peace, and prosperity. We hope this new year will bring you all the great things you truly deserve. Happy New Year to you and your </span><span style="font-size: medium;">family!!!</span></span></p><p style="text-align: right;">Best Wishes from,</p><p style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><i>Crane & Craneman</i></span></b></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-82336249293149459962023-12-24T15:06:00.000+05:302023-12-24T15:06:10.161+05:30Unit Weight of Oil Products<p> Dear Readers,</p><p>Oil products are measured both in kilograms (kg) and in Liters (L). Calculating weight from volume units of oil products are as follows.</p><p>1. LPG: 1 liter = 0.53 kilogram.</p><p>2. Naphtha: 1 liter = 0.75 kilogram.</p><p>3. Oil-aromatics: 1 liter = 0.75 kilogram.</p><p>4. Aviation fuel: 1 litre = 0.80 kilogram.</p><p>5. Motor fuel: 1 litre = 0.745 kilogram.</p><p>6. Other light oils: 1 litre = 0.75 kilogram.</p><p>7. Petroleum: 1 litre = 0.79 kilogram.</p><p>8. Gas, diesel, light fuel oil: 1 litre = 0.84 kilogram.</p><p>9. Heavy fuel oil: 1 litre = 0.96 kilogram.</p><p>10. Lubricants: 1 litre = 0.88 kilogram.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCo98qTRLDNoKya0BucchWdIBI8hYUoG-286r3-9U4SfxoWk7bkP3Z6o2o0Tvlu2w7c-UN9xfoihWPeSxtVe2wLymhAyA_vPRw-UrLQbM913xNjEmm7sHpxUAgwCcBGMC09ZRPz4EpeBsKhOfxMVsvwrQr294VQ9BLkXkewBJ5juOg9zvejoihy4YlTM/s732/oil_products.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="593" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCo98qTRLDNoKya0BucchWdIBI8hYUoG-286r3-9U4SfxoWk7bkP3Z6o2o0Tvlu2w7c-UN9xfoihWPeSxtVe2wLymhAyA_vPRw-UrLQbM913xNjEmm7sHpxUAgwCcBGMC09ZRPz4EpeBsKhOfxMVsvwrQr294VQ9BLkXkewBJ5juOg9zvejoihy4YlTM/w324-h400/oil_products.png" width="324" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The standard unit of measurement for oil weight is API Gravity. This scale was created by the American Petroleum Institute to measure the density of oil.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It shall be summarized as follows.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The higher the API, the lighter the oil.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The lower the API, the heavier the oil.</span></div></div>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-10008398433634079112023-11-26T15:23:00.000+05:302023-11-26T15:23:40.575+05:30Laminate Construction of FRP Pipe<p> <span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dear Readers,</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is
continuation of my previous post of “<a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2023/08/introduction-of-frp-pipe.html" target="_blank">Introduction of FRP Pipe</a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fiberglass
reinforced plastic (FRP) laminates are manufactured with thermosetting
polyester or Vinyl ester resins and various types of fibrous glass reinforcing.
The fiberglass reinforcement is thoroughly saturated with catalysed resin to
form a dense laminate with the required physical and chemical resistant
properties.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In general, the
glass reinforcing provides the strength to the laminate and the resin binder
provides the shape and chemical resistance. To achieve optimum chemical and
abrasion resistance, all laminates are composed of an <b>Inner surface</b>, an <b>Interior
layer</b>, a <b>Structural layer</b>, and an <b>Outer Surface layer</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The combination
of inner surface and interior layer is often referred to as the <b>Liner</b> or
<b>Corrosion Barrier</b> and is generally considered to contribute structural
strength as well as corrosion resistance to the laminate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZX0Q-wiK5zl68zZlWN6RCSQruCAoBle6_z97LekIoyxtPHOhtbZ2DUrn8BV5x2x0cUpQudR7JeAzPz-CtI2gOh4O2S_nD3RcxVjTpTf_pB7g2jFskl2Jz0UbaXZ7w5yQvj-fXkE6mowqbCbibQoppyc0eKcsTWMPsTBRaHEly25ziP6QNRZMWLuXgrk/s479/FRP_CS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZX0Q-wiK5zl68zZlWN6RCSQruCAoBle6_z97LekIoyxtPHOhtbZ2DUrn8BV5x2x0cUpQudR7JeAzPz-CtI2gOh4O2S_nD3RcxVjTpTf_pB7g2jFskl2Jz0UbaXZ7w5yQvj-fXkE6mowqbCbibQoppyc0eKcsTWMPsTBRaHEly25ziP6QNRZMWLuXgrk/s16000/FRP_CS.png" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />Summary of
Laminate Structure as follows.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Liner / CBL (Corrosion Barrier Layer or Chemical Barrier Layer)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Structural Layer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Top Layer or Surface Layer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Inner Surface
-</span></b> This surface is exposed to the cursive environment and is composed of
resin reinforced glass veil or a synthetic veil.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Interior
Layer -</span></b> This portion of the laminate is composed of multiple layers of
chopped strand fiberglass reinforcement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Structural
Layer -</span></b> This layer is primary structural portion of the laminate and is
designated to withstand the loads caused by pressure, wind, seismic and other
conditions. It consists of alternating layers of chopped strand and Woven Roving
to the required thickness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Outer Surface
Layer -</span></b> This surface is a resin coating formulated to be non-air inhibited
and fully cured. When exposed to the environment, this coating contains
ultraviolet absorbers or pigments to minimise ultraviolet degradation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-50574914852306491352023-10-24T14:36:00.000+05:302023-10-24T14:36:01.867+05:30Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauges (ECT)<p><span style="text-align: justify;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In continuation
with my earlier post of <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2020/06/dry-film-thickness.html" target="_blank">DFT</a>, let us know the ECT (Eddy Current Thickness)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">As you may aware
that Dry film thickness (DFT) or coating thickness is arguably the single most
important measurement made during the application and inspection of protective
coatings. Dry film thickness can be measured on either magnetic steel surfaces
or non-magnetic metal surfaces such as stainless steel or aluminum using a
digital coating thickness gauge.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiINqDcakKtHL60lnjwER6_C4RMzbgWEUgd2GkjBLa9j_751nn94cbBV4Moe-b58TTCcKkuDik4hG1Yh3DBFrQqpPrJ7snrauBfmBdcGjo5jtxO-_a1KzPzXGS2NZpADKpIlz8A7aqSj7jCOi2JBf4dUwwxFfImlo2UScTbMBeUbHDcWmga7R0GXmzDKbY/s270/DFT_ECT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="256" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiINqDcakKtHL60lnjwER6_C4RMzbgWEUgd2GkjBLa9j_751nn94cbBV4Moe-b58TTCcKkuDik4hG1Yh3DBFrQqpPrJ7snrauBfmBdcGjo5jtxO-_a1KzPzXGS2NZpADKpIlz8A7aqSj7jCOi2JBf4dUwwxFfImlo2UScTbMBeUbHDcWmga7R0GXmzDKbY/s1600/DFT_ECT.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The eddy current
principle is used for non-conductive coatings on non-ferrous metals substrates.
They can be divided into two types: contact and non-contact. The contact type
measures coating thickness by the amplitude of eddy currents, while the
non-contact type measures coating thickness by the phase difference in eddy
currents</div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Eddy current dry
film thickness gauges are used in eddy current testing (ECT), a non-destructive
test (NDT) method that determines dry film thickness based on the strength or
level of eddy currents induced in a metal by a probe containing a conducting wire
coil. The distance between the probe and the substrate, which is equivalent to
the coating thickness, inversely affects the eddy current strength level. So,
the strength of the eddy current deceases as the coating thickness increases.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">An eddy current
dry film thickness gauge is a widely used non-destructive coating thickness
measurement tool because of its high sensitivity and wide range of thickness
capability.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For More Details about Dry Film Thickness (DFT) click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2020/06/dry-film-thickness.html" target="_blank">Here</a></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-56362613404318229012023-09-24T13:30:00.003+05:302023-09-24T13:30:00.150+05:30Welding Terms (A&B)<p>Dear Readers,</p><p><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Following terms are commonly used in Welding works. </span></span></p><p><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Blow –</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The
deflection of an electric arc from its normal path because of magnetic forces.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Cutting –</span></b> <span style="color: #cc0000;">A group of thermal cutting
processes that severs or removes metal by melting with the heat of an arc
between an electrode and the work piece.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVhjYnNccOwtUk6wdIAf-NCIXd5xKpSgAkx8pSwk6ECHIQPFGkP4KJ8YQQ2kKe1rlTrPZDKPfNMHvim4VTfvGNqdMcg0cdkNIjJIyONymuyUh7ZwsJX7PfF8SbAGNPD4s32VtEcFIxyhd0dySuXLcYbkovyr1BJUCC1LkIL-GebRP8_U9pcDnnJZSDKhg/s303/welding1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="303" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVhjYnNccOwtUk6wdIAf-NCIXd5xKpSgAkx8pSwk6ECHIQPFGkP4KJ8YQQ2kKe1rlTrPZDKPfNMHvim4VTfvGNqdMcg0cdkNIjJIyONymuyUh7ZwsJX7PfF8SbAGNPD4s32VtEcFIxyhd0dySuXLcYbkovyr1BJUCC1LkIL-GebRP8_U9pcDnnJZSDKhg/s1600/welding1.jpg" width="303" /></a></b></div><b>Arc Force –</b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">The axial force developed by an
arc plasma.</span><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Gouging –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">An arc cutting procedure used to
form a bevel or groove.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Length –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">The distance from the tip of the
electrode or wire to the work piece.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Time –</span></b> <span style="color: #cc0000;">The time during which an arc is
maintained.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Voltage –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The voltage across the welding
arc.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Welding –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">A group of welding processes
which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc, with or
without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler
metal.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Welding Deposition Efficiency (%) –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The
ratio of the weight of filler metal deposited to the weight of filler metal
melted.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Arc Welding Electrode –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">A part of the welding
system through which current is conducted that ends at the arc.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Atomic Hydrogen Welding –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">An arc welding
process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an electric
arc maintained between two metal electrodes in an atmosphere of hydrogen.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Autogenous Weld –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A fusion weld made without
the addition of filler metal.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Automatic –</span></b> <span style="color: #800180;">The control of a process with
equipment that requires little or no observation of the welding and no manual
adjustment of the equipment controls.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Back Gouging –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">The removal of weld metal and
base metal from the other side of a partially welded joint to assure complete
penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Backfire –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">The momentary recession of the
flame into the welding or cutting tip followed by reappearance or complete
extinction of the flame.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Backhand Welding –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A welding technique where
the welding torch or gun is directed opposite to the direction of welding.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Backing –</span></b> <span style="color: #800180;">A material (base metal, weld metal,
or granular material) placed at the root of a weld joint for the purpose of
supporting molten weld metal.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Backup Strip —</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">is a strip or section of steel
butted up to an open gap between two pieces of steel.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Backing Gas –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">A shielding gas used on the
underside of a weld bead to protect it from atmospheric contamination.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Back-Step Sequence –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A longitudinal sequence
in which the weld bead increments are deposited in the direction opposite to
the progress of welding the joint.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Base Metal (material) –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">The metal (material)
to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut. See also substrate.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZnQE9f38v8zn_mbKj2ksqphU9OKyObIdHnHxM6VJ6ATzg_5Oj5iWWRnCjduqxGGgCigyH4-OupjmbrmOWIXnYzX0JbWgeudJQCT0Gz1tIoy8RqOaw29z5KzsSDaTxBd15ecibhyGTJyCS8yNjjzGn7ZtVsSi91zDfgulroZYuhcu_Ch3vAlsNiYhKZqP/s360/weld_beed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZnQE9f38v8zn_mbKj2ksqphU9OKyObIdHnHxM6VJ6ATzg_5Oj5iWWRnCjduqxGGgCigyH4-OupjmbrmOWIXnYzX0JbWgeudJQCT0Gz1tIoy8RqOaw29z5KzsSDaTxBd15ecibhyGTJyCS8yNjjzGn7ZtVsSi91zDfgulroZYuhcu_Ch3vAlsNiYhKZqP/s320/weld_beed.jpg" width="269" /></a></b></div><b>Bead -</b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">the deposited filler metal on and in
the work surface when the wire or electrode is melted and fused into the steel.
A stringer bead is a narrow bead with only a dragging motion or light
oscillation, while a weave bead is wider with more oscillation.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Bend Radius –</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">Radius of curvature on a bend
specimen or bent area of a formed part. Measured on the inside of a bend.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Bevel –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">An angled edge preparation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Blown-up -</span></b> <span style="color: #800180;">what you will be if you weld or cut
on containers with fumes. NEVER weld or cut on any container unless it is new
or you know it has been cleaned and safety certified! Containers can be toxic,
flammable, or explosive.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Braze Welding –</span></b> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">A method of welding by using a
filler metal, having a liquidus above 840 °F (450 °C) and below the solidus of
the base metals.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Brazing –</span></b> <span style="color: #cc0000;">A group of welding processes which
produces coalescence of materials by heating them to a suitable temperature and
by using a filler metal, having a liquidus above 840 °F (450 °C) and below the
solidus of the base materials. The filler metal is distributed between the
closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Burr –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A rough ridge, edge, protuberance, or
area left on metal after cutting, drilling, punching, or stamping.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Buttering –</span></b> <span style="color: #134f5c;">A form of surfacing in which one
or more layers of weld metal are deposited (for example, a high alloy weld
deposit on steel base metal which is to be welded to a dissimilar base metal).
The buttering provides a suitable transition weld deposit for subsequent
completion of the butt weld on the groove face of one member.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Butt Joint –</span></b> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">A joint between two members lying
in the same plane.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050;">Busted Out -</span></b> <span style="color: #990000;">failing a weld test because of
defects in the welds. "He busted out on his test plates and didn't get
hired."</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">For More Details about Electrode Classification Click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2016/01/classification-of-electrode-aws.html" target="_blank">Here</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">For More Details of TIG Welding Click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2020/07/tig-welding.html" target="_blank">Here</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">For More Details of Stick Welding Click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2019/02/stick-welding.html" target="_blank">Here</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">For More Details of Welding Symbol Click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2016/09/welding-symbol.html" target="_blank">Here</a></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-87967800768011837772023-08-27T23:19:00.002+05:302023-08-27T23:19:21.616+05:30Introduction of FRP Pipe<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">Dear Readers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">The Expansion of FRP is
fiberglass-reinforced plastic which is a composite material consisting of
thermoset resin and fibre reinforcement. FRP is principally made up of
thermoset resin and glass Fibers. Resins can be divided into two broad classes:
thermosetting and thermoplastic. Thermosetting resins cure to produce an
infusible solid material that does not melt when heated. They soften when
heated above their glass transition temperature, but do not reach a liquid
state. Thermosetting resins used for FRP are typically purchased in liquid form
and are reacted to a solid with chemical additives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFyCmoahqUmIZIL8ze-aatr89tyR8V8tDGQ19eF7wZPItxRWUz6OKN4XHs349C99l4OqVPStFweEgnEMSYDv99Vw_sGm-vebHZH8CgKJg5Pfyi60zVU4YP5IHEDpo5T9UL84zbxJE_gDt7Wz4KNDrcxfQzVbw_ZcknHbU2rkU61sgfLqmd-Jrl9G3-mUD/s406/FRP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="406" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFyCmoahqUmIZIL8ze-aatr89tyR8V8tDGQ19eF7wZPItxRWUz6OKN4XHs349C99l4OqVPStFweEgnEMSYDv99Vw_sGm-vebHZH8CgKJg5Pfyi60zVU4YP5IHEDpo5T9UL84zbxJE_gDt7Wz4KNDrcxfQzVbw_ZcknHbU2rkU61sgfLqmd-Jrl9G3-mUD/s320/FRP.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>FRP is a reliable material of
construction for piping and equipment in acid and base chemical services, such
as hydrochloric acid (HCI), sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>),
Chlorine dioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) and caustic
(NaOH) solutions.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">Compared to most metals, FRP is
generally considered a non-ductile material. FRP has a long elastic zone and
markedly lower modulus of elasticity as compared to carbon and stainless steel.
It should be noted that since FRP is a composite material, its material
properties are orthotropic in nature, meaning that the properties are different
in the hoop and axial directions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">Pipes can be manufactured by contact moulding
(Hand lay-up) or hand lay up in combination with filament winding.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">Types of glass fibre reinforcements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">1. Chopped Stand Mat (CSM) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">2. Rovings <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">3. Woven glass fabrics <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">4. Surface Veil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">They are manufactured from glass or
synthetic fibres such as polyester. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">A
wide range of process equipment is constructed from FRP to meet the service conditions including Chlorine dioxide generators and storage tanks, bleach
towers, Effluent Piping, Process Piping, Sump, and trough linings. FRP piping
system is available in a wide range of sizes starting from 1 inch to 144
inches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">FRP
Pipes are light Weight and Non-Corrosive and easily constructed, it is up to
75% less than Steel weight but it is equally strong. Density of FRP composite
is 1800 Kg/Cum, Where as Carbon Steel is 7860 Kg/Cum.</span></p><p></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-21363914896858557692023-07-30T00:00:00.001+05:302023-07-30T00:00:00.140+05:30Moisture Separator<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Moisture separators are devices used in air compressors to remove moisture from compressed air. Since, moisture in compressed air can cause several problems, such as corrosion of tools and equipment, freezing of pipes, and reduced efficiency of the compressor itself. They are employed by several industries, including automotive, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and textiles. Moisture separators are typically used in systems where compressed air is stored in an air receiver.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjumeZsw5EqCl9qFoEdciwDEsCIH6swUqSI6v7b4Q9qRvLD3IudmeoBZ4StYsrVJEgUHWXReLuoF5OLjHa7QFX9QuB1NDJvWAWC-xcXx3u4dc6ew64aaDh-Aq-Wa669kPV4lCDaa9Z8m1SOM-_7H8fC-zWPs4A7kioDJDOY3ZO3rPUxogL6lMHPjRO17Tw/s283/moisture_sep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="213" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjumeZsw5EqCl9qFoEdciwDEsCIH6swUqSI6v7b4Q9qRvLD3IudmeoBZ4StYsrVJEgUHWXReLuoF5OLjHa7QFX9QuB1NDJvWAWC-xcXx3u4dc6ew64aaDh-Aq-Wa669kPV4lCDaa9Z8m1SOM-_7H8fC-zWPs4A7kioDJDOY3ZO3rPUxogL6lMHPjRO17Tw/s1600/moisture_sep.jpg" width="213" /></a><span style="text-align: justify;">They can also help to improve the efficiency of air compressors and other equipment by removing water from the compressed air. Moisture separators are available in various sizes and configurations to suit different applications.</span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dehydration is the preservation technique that attempts to remove moisture. The prefix de refers to removing or eliminating, the root word hydra refers to water, and the suffix ion refers to a process, thus making dehydration the process of removing or eliminating moisture or water.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Separators work on the principle that the three components have different densities, which allows them to stratify when moving slowly with gas on top, water on the bottom and oil in the middle. Any solids such as sand will also settle in the bottom of the separator.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are three types of Moisture separators:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Water Separator</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Moisture Separator</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Moisture Separator with Filter</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">First, they are highly effective at removing water vapor from compressed air. Second, they are relatively easy to install and maintain. Third, they are relatively inexpensive to operate. Finally, Moisture separators can be used in various climates and applications.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is used to protect equipment that can be damaged by contact with moisture, such as pneumatic tools and cylinders, and to improve the equipment’s efficiency by removing unwanted water vapor.</span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-49508691103002678782023-06-18T15:00:00.001+05:302023-06-18T15:00:00.131+05:30What items should not be kept in AC room?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #282829; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Dear Readers,</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #282829; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">It is continuation of our previous article" <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2023/04/how-to-use-ac-in-this-hot-season.html" target="_blank">How to use AC in this hot season</a>." Apart from the usage in hot sessions, we should also know what the materials are should not kept inside the AC room, so that we can use the AC in better.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #282829; font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnvNMGDRogIhPHFe8tBjyQXTrpjoq3abOSzdoRXI-iipZaOkmRgWOJN4cUi2U7UKww9-S8EtHQTuU8EMeSJKYhfV4apdN1T25dkrqNnx6qFPQA2TPNbfuxBoqiMYNgrLhrtLqYuaAlNnvjxnYR3YjWjEYU37YEVTItdrjf6dW3SLxKl7k4f-FkZhO/s475/ac_room2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="475" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnvNMGDRogIhPHFe8tBjyQXTrpjoq3abOSzdoRXI-iipZaOkmRgWOJN4cUi2U7UKww9-S8EtHQTuU8EMeSJKYhfV4apdN1T25dkrqNnx6qFPQA2TPNbfuxBoqiMYNgrLhrtLqYuaAlNnvjxnYR3YjWjEYU37YEVTItdrjf6dW3SLxKl7k4f-FkZhO/s320/ac_room2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #282829; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: inherit;">Large metal objects such as iron bureaus, iron beds, iron tables and iron chairs should not be placed in the room. </span></span><span style="color: #282829; font-family: verdana; font-size: 15px;">If they are placed in an AC room, they will absorb the cold and cool down first when the air in the room is cooled by the AC operation.</span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Thus, AC is used for more time than required. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Along with running, the AC machine wears out quickly due to wastage of power and long running time of the compressor.</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Some offices install false ceilings with thermocol to reduce the height of the room. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Due to this the area of the room is reduced. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The room will be cool enough if it runs for a short time.</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none; font-family: verdana;">But this is only suitable for offices where doors are opened and closed frequently.</span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">If installed in homes, the room will soon be filled with carbon dioxide emitted by people sleeping in closed rooms! </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This is not healthy!</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">AC if the room has iron furniture. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The life of the engine will decrease slightly! In a nutshell that AC room should not have more Furnitures.</span></span></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-61903634847874193172023-05-14T00:00:00.001+05:302023-05-14T00:00:00.476+05:30Basic Guides for Hot Weather Concreting<p> <span style="color: #800180;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #800180;">This article is in continuation with my previous posts of <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2020/05/hot-weather-concreting.html" target="_blank">Hot Weather Concreting</a> and <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2017/07/concreting-precautions.html" target="_blank">Concrete Precautions.</a> Following points are the simple basic guides for Hot Weather Concreting.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CC4UArT0zvHt1zUGzs6kRprLucYmzq6LHyZIzAaOMxFdQNlV-uQekgip9aUrLL8-2Ux4_MrBVlThDLRVR8luQ2FHJ7ohyQQk4dU-5JHvZXbRroG1TZ3rEmzLRFYLOkkHAtQ46wYRbDMrArL8yw9sbxq-uaaTWTHAMOv3m2em806yLgnmLm4Q4tUqFw/s256/concrete-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="256" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CC4UArT0zvHt1zUGzs6kRprLucYmzq6LHyZIzAaOMxFdQNlV-uQekgip9aUrLL8-2Ux4_MrBVlThDLRVR8luQ2FHJ7ohyQQk4dU-5JHvZXbRroG1TZ3rEmzLRFYLOkkHAtQ46wYRbDMrArL8yw9sbxq-uaaTWTHAMOv3m2em806yLgnmLm4Q4tUqFw/s1600/concrete-3.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">While hot weather conditions are commonly encountered
in summer, combinations of high temperatures, winds and low humidity could
result in conditions leading to problems with concrete placement and finishing
at any time. Hot weather is any combination of:</span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">High
ambient temperature;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Low
relative humidity;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">High
wind<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">AS 13791 places a 35°C limit on the maximum concrete
temperature at the time of delivery. However, when the air temperature rises
above 30°C, it is usually recommended that precautions be taken, particularly
if there is also hot dry wind.</span><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span>.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Plan in advance. Have equipment and materials
ready before the hot weather arrives during the pouring day.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]-->Keep the subgrade and forms moist so they do not
absorb water from the mix.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Keep sunshades and windbreaks available and use
them whenever possible.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Have everything prepared before the ready-mix
truck arrives. Don’t make the truck wait for you.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Keep in constant communication with the
ready-mix concrete provider. Coordination between the contractor and the
producer is key.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Concrete should be placed, struck off and Darby
immediately.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Use evaporation retardants, fogging or misting
with water, or cover with a vapor-proof sheet after screeding (Finishing
works). This will help prevent rapid drying, crusting, plastic shrinkage and
rubber sets.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Temporary covers, like continuously moistened
burlap, may be placed over the fresh concrete and removed in small sections
immediately ahead of the finishers.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Substituting a burlap drag or broom finish will
eliminate other high-risk finishing practices, such as smooth trowel finish.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Curing should take place when the surfaces are
hard enough to resist marring.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #800180;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Seal with a good, quality sealer for a minimum
of 30 days after placing and curing.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #800180;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Remember to protect the crew in high
temperatures. Drink plenty of fluids and be careful with long exposure to the
sun.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #800180;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Use PPE’s for workmen and rest shed (minimum 15%
additional workforce)</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #800180;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ensure the machinery technicians at work
location to attend minor repairs immediately.</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #800180;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">15.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">Have standby equipment and manpower for all
stages</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0c343d;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Programme concreting for the cooler parts of the
day, or even schedule night-time placement if possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0c343d;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Plan the locations of construction joints ahead
of time with hot weather contingencies in mind.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #0c343d;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Keep all equipment that touches the concrete
cool (chutes, conveyors, pump lines, tremies, reinforcement and buggies).
Protecting equipment from the direct sun will If it can’t be kept continuously
cool, spray-cool it as necessary with water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0c343d;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature at
which concrete is being delivered, and call for adjustments at the plant if
necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0c343d;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Avoid delays at all stages. </span></p></blockquote><p><b><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wish You all the Best for Excellent Concreting during Hot Weather. Have a Nice Day!!! </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><o:p></o:p></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-29741950750314371112023-05-01T00:00:00.001+05:302023-05-01T00:00:00.159+05:30Employees' State Insurance Act (ESI Act)<p> Dear Readers,</p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Wish You a Happy May Day - 2023</span></b></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Employees State Insurance
Act, 1948 is beneficial and social legislation. Its main aim is to provide
economic security to people who work in certain factories and establishments. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #800180;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800180;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxYQO1VUfaFsau3xFyznKubZHKiMadZLhJjQcTwCzQCiUjTMpZW_0SACrgbwlQIlfKNvpmpb5Nxq8r-O4-Bj-I9_39PCtN3iJ4CcvK_l9m1xwxCwWR5LJersvPCMHsZbEgLhdptZdlX2Y-nqqabEEcnsUbH0qpR8MCtJvFZ3EB9X8DROXYJ9ZIG5Og/s291/labour2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="291" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxYQO1VUfaFsau3xFyznKubZHKiMadZLhJjQcTwCzQCiUjTMpZW_0SACrgbwlQIlfKNvpmpb5Nxq8r-O4-Bj-I9_39PCtN3iJ4CcvK_l9m1xwxCwWR5LJersvPCMHsZbEgLhdptZdlX2Y-nqqabEEcnsUbH0qpR8MCtJvFZ3EB9X8DROXYJ9ZIG5Og/s1600/labour2.jpg" width="291" /></a></div><span style="color: #800180;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The ESI scheme provides complete
medical care to the employees registered with the ESIC during the period of
his/her incapacity and working capacity. It also provides financial assistance
to compensate for the loss of wages of the employee during the period of
his/her abstention from work due to sickness, maternity and employment injury.
The ESI scheme provides medical care to family members of the employee also. The
Act contains several important definitions and provisions that regulate these
workers.</div></span><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d;">At present, the <st1:stockticker w:st="on">ESI</st1:stockticker> scheme is applicable to all factories and other
establishments as defined in the Act with 10 or more persons employed in such
establishment and the beneficiaries’ monthly wage does not exceed Rupees twenty-one thousand (Rs 21,000) are covered under the scheme. In future this limit may
change subject to government policy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether the employer has employed 10 or more
employees, all employees employed by the employer, agnostic of the salary are
reckoned. The applicability of the scheme is explained through a flow chart
below:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbzuo3-dhNmwWRxXqscISqBS97wlcI2j1VHXtxQbhOiggje8BWKulWqnSmMCv53vzClwDMhsAQZADiOsKTQU7Ed6w1ieiOeocrBL7ZoB2MwLEZ2AscuJjNaVpeqiz9Aa8eyHqcJ-haybfMPwW0MoAver9RvaidGnk0mxedSIioW8hpqQgQ1KxXNl6/s1195/ESI_FLOW.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="1195" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbzuo3-dhNmwWRxXqscISqBS97wlcI2j1VHXtxQbhOiggje8BWKulWqnSmMCv53vzClwDMhsAQZADiOsKTQU7Ed6w1ieiOeocrBL7ZoB2MwLEZ2AscuJjNaVpeqiz9Aa8eyHqcJ-haybfMPwW0MoAver9RvaidGnk0mxedSIioW8hpqQgQ1KxXNl6/w400-h144/ESI_FLOW.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Please take a note that Construction Industry does not cover under ESI if it is a green field project. For the similar benefits Construction Industry used to follows <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2017/05/" target="_blank">BOCW Cess Act</a>. However, it may differ for brown field project hence follow the principle employer guidance.</u></span></i></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Establishments that are covered
under the ESI Scheme</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Central Government issued a
notification that all factories where 10 or more persons are employed are
covered under the ESI scheme mandatorily. The following establishments
employing 10 or more persons are also mandatorily covered under the ESI scheme:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">1). Shops. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">2). Hotels or restaurants not
having any manufacturing activity, but only engaged in ‘sales’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">3). Cinemas, including preview
theatres.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">4). Road motor transport
establishments. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">5). Newspaper establishments. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">6). All private educational institutions
and medical institutions.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Benefits of the ESI Scheme</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Broadly, the benefits under this
scheme are categorized under two categories:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cash benefits
(which includes sickness, maternity, disablement (temporary and permanent),
funeral expenses, rehabilitation allowance, vocational rehabilitation and
medical bonus) and,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Non-cash
benefits through medical care.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Complete medical care and
attention are provided by the scheme to the employee registered under the ESI
Act, 1948 at the time of his incapacity, restoration of his health and working
capacity.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">During absenteeism from work due
to illness, maternity or factories accidents which result in loss of wages
complete financial assistance is provided to the employees to compensate for
the wage loss.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The scheme provides medical care
to family members also.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d;">In case a worker under the Act
dies during employment, the ESI Corporation pays some money to his dependents. According
to the Act, dependents are certain relatives of a deceased worker. These
include his widow, a son below 25 years of age, an unmarried daughter and his
widowed mother. A son/daughter above 25 years can also be a dependent if he/she
is wholly dependent on the worker.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pregnancy which leads to the
birth of a living child is called “confinement” under this Act. It can also
mean the birth of a child (living or dead) after 26 weeks of pregnancy.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The ESI Act contains a few
categories of disablements for which employees can claim compensation. These
may be either permanent or temporary. Permanent disablements may further be
either partial or total.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">For More Details about BOCW Cess Click <b><a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2017/05/" target="_blank">Here<br /></a></b>For More Details about Rules and Regulations Click <b><a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2019/05/rules-and-acts-of-labour-welfare-in.html" target="_blank">Here</a></b> <br />For More Details about Labour Law's of Construction Industry Click <b><a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2015/05/labour-laws-of-construction-industry.html" target="_blank">Here<br /></a></b>For More Details about Labour Welfare Fund Click <b><a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2018/05/labour-welfare-fund.html" target="_blank">Here</a></b></div><p></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-74422194087778804372023-04-16T00:00:00.004+05:302023-04-16T00:00:00.251+05:30How to use AC in this hot season?<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #282829; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Correct use of AC:</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With the start of hot summer season and regular use of air conditioners, let's follow the correct method.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Most people have a habit of running their ACs at 20-22 degrees and when they feel cold, they cover their bodies with blankets. </span><span class="" style="vertical-align: inherit;">This leads to a double loss. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">How???</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Did you know that our body temperature is 35 degrees Celsius? </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The body can easily tolerate temperatures between 23 degrees and 39 degrees. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This is called human body temperature tolerance.</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">When the room temperature is too low or too high, the body reacts by sneezing and shivering.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: initial; vertical-align: inherit;">When you run the AC at 19-20-21 degrees, the room temperature is much lower than the normal body temperature and this starts a process called hypothermia in the body, which affects blood circulation, thereby causing insufficient blood supply to certain parts of the body. sees </span><span style="background-color: initial; vertical-align: inherit;">Long-term disabilities such as arthritis can result.</span></span></div><span style="background: none;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnE86jNo9MNbscZCRe8q66EVid831N2GGbt9E0ucrrq-T2Zv2uO20jX3WzQeL0WBwR29GToybEdcb_nAJcdDj8v-rsbPsNICoVwKrKoZFLp6NahVZI-UcP4UBThVUiN3t6_SdUDN9aBSiu-UTc446h7wAuGDYho2GAlG4Ix0wq2UF4sgTPdeZu3VL/s375/ac.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="375" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnE86jNo9MNbscZCRe8q66EVid831N2GGbt9E0ucrrq-T2Zv2uO20jX3WzQeL0WBwR29GToybEdcb_nAJcdDj8v-rsbPsNICoVwKrKoZFLp6NahVZI-UcP4UBThVUiN3t6_SdUDN9aBSiu-UTc446h7wAuGDYho2GAlG4Ix0wq2UF4sgTPdeZu3VL/s320/ac.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></span><p></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">When the AC is on there is mostly no sweat, so the body's toxins cannot get out, and in the long run there is a risk of many diseases like skin allergies or itching, high blood pressure etc.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">When you run the AC at such low temperature, it keeps the compressor running at full power, even if it is 5 star rated, more power is consumed & it wastes money from your pocket.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">What is the best way to run AC?? </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Set temperatures at 26 degrees or higher.</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">First setting the AC temperature to 20 - 21 will not give you any benefit, then </span></span><span style="background-color: initial; font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;">It is always better to run the AC at 26+ degrees and keep the fan on slow speed. </span><span style="background-color: initial; font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;">28 plus degrees is ideal.</span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It consumes less electricity, and your body temperature is also within range, and there is no harm to your health.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Another advantage of this is that the AC will consume less electricity, the blood pressure on the brain will also decrease and the savings will ultimately help reduce the effects of global warming. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">How??</span></span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Let's say you save 5 units per night by running AC in 10 lakh houses at 26+ degrees, then we save 5 million units of electricity per day.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At the regional level this saving could be crores of units per day.</span></span></p><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background: none;"><span style="font-family: verdana; vertical-align: inherit;"><span class="VIpgJd-yAWNEb-VIpgJd-fmcmS-sn54Q" style="background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; vertical-align: inherit;">Please consider the above and do not run your AC below 26 degrees. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Keep your body and environment healthy.</span></span></span></p>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-13350452412693932202022-09-29T21:00:00.006+05:302022-09-29T21:01:21.753+05:30Compressed Gas Cylinders Safety<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Industrial, manufacturing, repair shops, fabrication shops and construction operations require the use of compressed gases for a variety of different operations. Compressed gases present a unique hazard. Depending on the gas, there is a potential for simultaneous exposure to both mechanical and chemical hazards. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Hazards include</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Fire & Explosion</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•</span><span style="font-family: verdana; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;">Missile hazard from broken cylinder heads</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•</span><span style="font-family: verdana; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;">Frostbite or gas injection under skin</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Impact from falling cylinders</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Poisoning</span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Asphyxiation</span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Over exposure</span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Main Causes are inadequate training and supervision, poor installation, poor maintenance, poor storage, faulty equipment etc. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx_jQU1QtR7zReiEl9tTRW9udOwqg5VEjkmd29B3MVXkiVxFml63CHiP370AshcVrfTvg22hiHMxcMsaaFjRG61EYrqEPObHWS22QV4VlnupFD1tbYXtWEv48TfC078ReTQzKhuvipoLBEcyZE5-Ye80l33DUGzOELiTk8E2cLLLqFEW961ZP8kW09bA/s297/compressed_Cylinders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="297" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx_jQU1QtR7zReiEl9tTRW9udOwqg5VEjkmd29B3MVXkiVxFml63CHiP370AshcVrfTvg22hiHMxcMsaaFjRG61EYrqEPObHWS22QV4VlnupFD1tbYXtWEv48TfC078ReTQzKhuvipoLBEcyZE5-Ye80l33DUGzOELiTk8E2cLLLqFEW961ZP8kW09bA/s1600/compressed_Cylinders.jpg" width="297" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We shall ensure at most safe precautions to create safe working environment to eliminate the risk of injury due to the compressed gas cylinders. The smart safety rules and controls are as </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">follows.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Inspect cylinders, regulators, flash back arrestors, hoses for damage and as per the standards before each use. Check cylinder & gas identification</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use a cart/wheeled trolley or other secure means for moving - never carry or roll gas cylinders</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Grease or oils in areas where compressed oxygen is used can cause fire or explosion</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use non-sparking tools for flammable gases</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #0b5394;">Secure cylinders at work areas. Installation of caps on all cylinders</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Never refill or attempt to repair a gas cylinder</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Move leaking cylinders out of the offices/work areas – then vent all remaining gas. Mark damaged cylinders “Damaged. Do not Use”</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Engineering controls such as gas cylinder storage areas, leak monitors, fume hoods, ventilation systems, sprinkler systems </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Administrative controls such as inspections, training, audits, signage & labels, identification of authorized employees, safe operating procedures</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Proper personal protective equipment use</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Personnel working with the compressed gas cylinders must be aware of the risks and follow safe work practices. Please take note on the identification of Hazards, required safety control measures, and communicate the information to the entire site crew.</span></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-85560324354207290782022-08-28T13:30:00.001+05:302022-08-28T13:30:00.234+05:30Purpose of Admixtures<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In continuation with <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2022/05/concrete-admixtures.html" target="_blank">Admixtures</a> article, let us understand the functions</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b><u>Functions of Admixtures</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Concrete admixtures have various functions and they are as follows:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(a) To increase the rate of strength development at early ages – calcium chloride is the most widely used accelerator, </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(b) To retard the initial setting time while pumping concrete over a long distance,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(c) To increase the workability without changing the water content – pozzolana such as fly ash is used,</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhdY2ugwChgQ4kAWBvKRoDq1H8rDi5ChjoiwCM9xvRvtJnfpp7iAJ8pGkjzZQKKQTdw9OGq_rbTjc1hKtN5l_Pn4p_7Z2mb17tZXwYyhSDNl3sk0cqZUGi6V6VO82rJ2Pf7peW3w6dAeLU58eH6pWl47pmfADIPRNjOz_LfsDicABUzSOffSWL3twMA/s305/concrete-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="305" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhdY2ugwChgQ4kAWBvKRoDq1H8rDi5ChjoiwCM9xvRvtJnfpp7iAJ8pGkjzZQKKQTdw9OGq_rbTjc1hKtN5l_Pn4p_7Z2mb17tZXwYyhSDNl3sk0cqZUGi6V6VO82rJ2Pf7peW3w6dAeLU58eH6pWl47pmfADIPRNjOz_LfsDicABUzSOffSWL3twMA/s1600/concrete-2.jpg" width="305" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(d) To increase the strength,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(e) To increase the resistance to freezing and thawing – vinyl resin is an air entrainment admixture which is used for this purpose,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(f) To decrease heat evolution,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(g) To increase water tightness,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(h) To decrease capillary flow of water, and</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(i) To decrease rate of bleeding and segregation. </span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;">Chemical admixtures are various types and they are:</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(a) Accelerating admixture –</span></i> A substance that increases the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement, reduces the setting time, or in other words, increases the rate of strength development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(b) Retarding admixture</span></i> – A substance which delays the setting time of cement paste.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(c) Water – reducing admixture</span></i> – A substance which either increases the workability of freshly mixed mortar or concrete without increasing water-cement ratio or maintains workability with reduced water-cement ratio.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(d) Air – entraining admixture</span></i> – A substance that causes air to entrap/Cd in the form of tiny bubbles in mortar or concrete during mixing to increase its workability and resistance to freezing and thawing.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">(e) Super plasticizing admixture </span></i> – A substance that has very high workability with a large decrease in water content (at least) for a given workability. High range water reducing admixture (HRWRA) is also referred to as a superplasticizer.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To Know more about concrete admixtures click <a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2022/05/concrete-admixtures.html" target="_blank">Here</a></span></div>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-18816142497843592662022-07-31T13:00:00.006+05:302022-07-31T13:00:00.236+05:30Difference Between Sheet and Plate<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We often used both Sheets and Plates in construction Industry. Let us see the difference between sheet and plate.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sheet metal and plate metal are different forms of steel. The most notable difference between plate and sheet metal is the thickness of the products. Plate metal is thicker when compared to sheet metal.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpG02yJLuPgv8PshnYskgyU7tNWndm8IBk2uNSwI4es9wOL4y7E48ETwFUvo2w9RydOxVYOmSrl5MoAcDjuTWj9lwVqhYauBUaKokYm-yMfPBSiAY-5Ns0ZCq3lzEMDfPECq7uVhCFYQVB0E7PSRLTWSoOUTa-2JXma8IcF0xLofe8yuSVP0Ulunhs/s842/Sheet_Metal.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="474" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpG02yJLuPgv8PshnYskgyU7tNWndm8IBk2uNSwI4es9wOL4y7E48ETwFUvo2w9RydOxVYOmSrl5MoAcDjuTWj9lwVqhYauBUaKokYm-yMfPBSiAY-5Ns0ZCq3lzEMDfPECq7uVhCFYQVB0E7PSRLTWSoOUTa-2JXma8IcF0xLofe8yuSVP0Ulunhs/s320/Sheet_Metal.jpg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Sheet metal is produced on an industrial scale by applying rolling, processing and drying techniques. Eventually it is the process of rolling that will decide whether a particular metal will be classified as sheet or plate. Rolling metal adds pressure which determines the overall thickness of the metal. If the metal is rolled thin then it is considered to be sheet and if it is thick then the metal can be classified as plate.</div></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sheet metal is made from steel and it is a metal that has thickness less than 6mm.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The only difference between sheet and plate steel is the
gauge (thickness) of the metal. They both have very different uses, depending
on the varying durability and weight requirements for different projects.</span></p></div>S. Arivazhaganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07607301974777468044noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-36477607096003377082022-06-19T14:30:00.001+05:302022-06-19T14:30:00.238+05:30Types of Cement<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As you are well aware that without Cement modern infrastructure is not possible or even unimaginable now. Cement is a critical component in the construction of buildings, roads and other brick-and-motor creations and it plays vital role in construction Industry. Cement is a grey colored powder that resembles ash in texture. It is a binding substance that is used to harden and set two materials, typical bricks or rocks together. Before using it, cement is mixed with water and other materials in varying ratios and placed between two substances as “glue”. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfwdTWojybyQXWKppnqHSlDB0JCehU3RMUe8SS6iILcAI3jxKMcTd-tMVsPMcWltxXH6WYL-bqEWFeRuoG1pPjUE92L4FDQyHuCzWtKY_qHwiSMnznWTO9kr6cJLAzbFw99t3BJDQmy4NMlQq7D1LhPgjrS-qr07fZwa8fEvtevV73Vi3A2Ux-wuizTQ/s444/CEMENT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="444" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfwdTWojybyQXWKppnqHSlDB0JCehU3RMUe8SS6iILcAI3jxKMcTd-tMVsPMcWltxXH6WYL-bqEWFeRuoG1pPjUE92L4FDQyHuCzWtKY_qHwiSMnznWTO9kr6cJLAzbFw99t3BJDQmy4NMlQq7D1LhPgjrS-qr07fZwa8fEvtevV73Vi3A2Ux-wuizTQ/s320/CEMENT.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />It’s time to learn about the many types of cement available in the market to cater to different construction purposes. Cements are broadly classified into two categories – Hydraulic and Non-Hydraulic, depending on how they react to the presence of water.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hydraulic Cement: This cement gets hardened in a very short span and are widely used in construction industry for saving time and effort.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Non-Hydraulic Cement: They have a very long setting period and can only work in dry conditions. Non-hydraulic is not practical for commercial constructions, as they cannot be used in sites that are open to weather challenges.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Selection of cement based on suitability for different concrete construction is important for durability considerations of structures. Thus, making wise choice of cement type for specific construction site that prevents structure from deteriorating and saves much repair and rehabilitation cost later. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A wide variety of cement types are available in market, which are suitable for use under certain conditions due to its unique properties. They are as follows.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Portland pozzolana cement (PPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rapid hardening Portland cement (RHPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Portland Slag Cement (PSC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sulphate-resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hydrophobic Portland Cement (HPC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Other Types of cements are based on its either unique property or its application.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>High Alumina Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Quick-setting Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>White Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Coloured Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Air Entraining Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Expansive Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Extra rapid hardening cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>8.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Super sulphated cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>9.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oil-well Cement</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>10. Ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) is the latest spectacular development in the domain of Portland cement-based materials.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Thanks for reading this article. If you find this article helpful please, don’t forget to share it.</span></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-18792230403957020662022-05-08T00:00:00.003+05:302022-05-08T00:00:00.243+05:30Concrete Admixtures<p> Dear Readers,</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Concrete is widely used in civil engineering and construction. In the concrete mixing process or before the concrete mixing can make the concrete hardening, mixing better materials, called concrete admixtures.</span></p><p><span style="color: #800180;">Various types of admixtures are used in concrete to enhance the performance of concrete. Concrete admixture is defined as the material other than the aggregate, water and cement added to the concrete. Admixtures are artificial or natural, and it may be added to the concrete mix, just before or during the mixing, to change one or more properties of the concrete in the plastic or hardened state as required in our structure. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzkjDOSMk8IDmVZVu8E_W9fhkNN5lvP2WBobCcRRoqJs4p2HZ3WxKhYqqaUCIoL4YCcyNUaTXmLcoxDLVpdeK6CioQoTnKGELmbWt_pkqxlnUobCbUTD065eIACXz7qzu0MNnEC9hzoxQYg8X3en5mtDGUFOEufvx4HF7EpoQociHv1cCym5bDcq44A/s275/concrete_Admixture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzkjDOSMk8IDmVZVu8E_W9fhkNN5lvP2WBobCcRRoqJs4p2HZ3WxKhYqqaUCIoL4YCcyNUaTXmLcoxDLVpdeK6CioQoTnKGELmbWt_pkqxlnUobCbUTD065eIACXz7qzu0MNnEC9hzoxQYg8X3en5mtDGUFOEufvx4HF7EpoQociHv1cCym5bDcq44A/s1600/concrete_Admixture.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">The successful use of admixtures depends on the proper combination of ingredients and concrete. Most admixtures are supplied in ready-to-use liquid form and are added to the concrete at the factory or construction site. Some additives such as pigments, extenders, and pumping agent, etc., used only in extremely small amounts, generally from the vessel manually pre-measured ingredients.</span></p><p>Types and Functions of admixtures are as Follows.</p><p>There are two types of admixtures:</p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mineral admixtures</span> </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Chemical admixtures</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>(1) </b> </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mineral admixtures </span></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Followings are the types of Mineral admixture:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Fly ash</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Silica fume</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ground granulated blast furnace slag</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Rice husk ash</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="color: red;"><b>(2) Chemical admixtures </b></span></p><p><span style="color: red;">Chemical admixtures are various types, and they are:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: red;">Accelerating admixture</span></p><p><span style="color: red;">Retarding admixture</span></p><p><span style="color: red;">Water – reducing admixture</span></p><p><span style="color: red;">Air – entraining admixture</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Super plasticizing admixture</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Special Admixtures based on the application</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Pozzolanic Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Damp-proofing Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Gas forming Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Air detraining Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Alkali Aggregate Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Anti-washout Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Grouting Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal Admixtures</span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Coloring Admixtures Bonding Admixtures</span></p></blockquote><div><br /></div>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-27122864393960856772022-04-03T13:30:00.001+05:302022-04-03T13:30:00.233+05:30IP RATING<p> Dear Readers,</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is Informed to you due to work load and personnel reasons, self could not be posted any Articles in past five months. I am really very sorry. Let us go to the post.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">As you may aware that Electric and electronic equipment’s deteriorate or malfunction when water or dust enters to the device. The IEC has developed the ingress protection (IP) ratings, which grade the resistance of an enclosure against the intrusion of dust or liquids.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In this article, we are going to discuss the international rating system that classifies devices for different environmental conditions. That rating system is called the Ingress Protection or IP rating as it is commonly referred to. Sometimes also interpreted as International Protection Rating.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">An IP rating is usually a two-digit grading system that’s applied to the enclosure of a mechanical or electrical item. First digit for solids and second digit for Liquids. Occasionally followed by a letter denoting specific materials, hazards or testing scenarios. an additional letter may be appended to the end of an IP rating.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The first characteristic numeral designates the degree of protection of persons against the contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure, and machines against ingress of solid foreign bodies. The first digit will be a number between 0-6.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The second digit in an IP rating will be a number between 0-9, denoting the quality of resistance to moisture ingress at varying intensities, angles, depths and pressures of exposure or immersion.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Following table furnish the details of first and second characteristic numerals of standard degree of protection.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;">First characteristic numeral for degree of protection</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjariId6DHHBWyU1Mzh68USPUr8mgRFnbkkyFdZepIqKxUeCrZNKntpSiYLqFSvzJydySWjDeDhcNnhsjwTaxwWwWPuCJXdlxz5ltV7OgF_Dra8kLzUPN6ohHLapWswTuQM75j0Xqubz4tWwIwwxw6PdJlD_ugf__c493IccursZ0Nl7jB7BvwPBwdVvw/s1110/IP_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="1110" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjariId6DHHBWyU1Mzh68USPUr8mgRFnbkkyFdZepIqKxUeCrZNKntpSiYLqFSvzJydySWjDeDhcNnhsjwTaxwWwWPuCJXdlxz5ltV7OgF_Dra8kLzUPN6ohHLapWswTuQM75j0Xqubz4tWwIwwxw6PdJlD_ugf__c493IccursZ0Nl7jB7BvwPBwdVvw/w400-h277/IP_1.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Second characteristic numeral of standard degree of protection against harmful ingress of water </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7pBqOres3mTBYQvNMN8b7gVRXNL9xPMArrQ32YXunAnPM4zFQyGKYAuDd_nHYtaTOc7o50NrPLX77sAiJM3ST0rcqIvndM8HGPN-xKTjkrsaJPxdWklKjqSyihOH6zblfn3B-Jzmrw8obB_6aPZYqj1ITgc9WWZWJQtIkStTn9dxo1-nPA4tThgW0Yw/s1113/IP_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="1113" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7pBqOres3mTBYQvNMN8b7gVRXNL9xPMArrQ32YXunAnPM4zFQyGKYAuDd_nHYtaTOc7o50NrPLX77sAiJM3ST0rcqIvndM8HGPN-xKTjkrsaJPxdWklKjqSyihOH6zblfn3B-Jzmrw8obB_6aPZYqj1ITgc9WWZWJQtIkStTn9dxo1-nPA4tThgW0Yw/w400-h394/IP_2.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;">Additional letter (optional) and Supplementary letter (optional) For the protection of personnel against access to hazardous parts with</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvw-d6XZYEDoxSXq14N4w4zRO80i31emXhP7Ajhz4PGb40cDbXrklKKsFGVWRaRgD1dljwgl2FQW4r3q3lC7Kqz2rbDzEtUxY81AuDSNd_9Fl73wtZgfSHqiZb7SM3_A56DicSKLe1XBtXzsyT0HWDXz7PQ30f1Nt9i6dUgLvNHhXhZlrTVY_lfhThhQ/s971/IP_3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="971" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvw-d6XZYEDoxSXq14N4w4zRO80i31emXhP7Ajhz4PGb40cDbXrklKKsFGVWRaRgD1dljwgl2FQW4r3q3lC7Kqz2rbDzEtUxY81AuDSNd_9Fl73wtZgfSHqiZb7SM3_A56DicSKLe1XBtXzsyT0HWDXz7PQ30f1Nt9i6dUgLvNHhXhZlrTVY_lfhThhQ/w400-h186/IP_3.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">Above the IP ratings are widely used throughout industry. You should not be confused with IP address or Intellectual property.</span></div>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-79946409442696467462021-10-24T14:04:00.000+05:302021-10-24T14:04:11.998+05:30Effects of Alloying Element<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We often used alloy steel during our construction activity especially piping works in Power plants & Refineries. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTJb0YRq3dIAnW8mAb09cnSB3Fl0O_u3ea7Im0Hevtdw-MY18sV_juR6ei5ZezwCqxxEPfvzLWul0paQfIdV1xjGHfBHob5L02lJaJrsy_WyDegDHpEAlGXm1hCK3W_BCwD-abJYSoS_E/s425/alloy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="425" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTJb0YRq3dIAnW8mAb09cnSB3Fl0O_u3ea7Im0Hevtdw-MY18sV_juR6ei5ZezwCqxxEPfvzLWul0paQfIdV1xjGHfBHob5L02lJaJrsy_WyDegDHpEAlGXm1hCK3W_BCwD-abJYSoS_E/w320-h171/alloy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Alloys are usually stronger than pure metals, although they generally offer reduced electrical and thermal conductivity. Strength is the most important criterion by which many structural materials are judged. Therefore, alloys are used for engineering construction. The synergistic effect of alloying elements and heat treatment produces a tremendous variety of microstructures and properties. Important properties of Alloy Elements are as follows.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1. <b><span style="color: red;">Carbon (C) :</span></b> Carbon is a non-metallic element, It </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">is a very strong austenitizer and increases the strength of steel.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2. <b><span style="color: red;">Manganese (Mn) :</span></b> Toughness</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3. <b><span style="color: red;">Chromium (Cr) :</span></b> H</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ardness, strength, and </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Corrosion Resistance</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">4. <b><span style="color: red;">Vanadium (V) :</span></b> Strength and </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">grain growth during heat treatment</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">5. <b><span style="color: red;">Sulphur (S) :</span></b> Residual Element</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">6. <b><span style="color: red;">Phosphorous (P) :</span></b> Residual Element</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">7. <b><span style="color: red;">Silicon (Si) :</span></b> < 0.3% Deoxidizer</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">8. <b><span style="color: red;">Molybdenum (Mo) :</span></b> 1% is for creep resistance. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">9. <b><span style="color: red;">Aluminum (Al) :</span></b> Grain refiner, < 0.008% deoxidizer + toughness</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10. <b><span style="color: red;">Nickel (Ni) :</span></b> Low Temperature applications</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">11. <b><span style="color: red;">Copper (Cu) :</span></b> Used for weathering steels</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">12. <b><span style="color: red;">Titanium (Ti) :</span></b> Grain refiner, used as a micro-alloying element ( Strength and Toughness)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">13. <b><span style="color: red;">Niobium (Nb) :</span></b> Grain refiner, used as a micro-alloying element ( Strength and Toughness)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">14. <b><span style="color: red;">Tungsten (W) :</span></b> S</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">table carbides and refines grain size so as to increase hardness, particularly at high temperatures.</span></span></p>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-2834103955841938952021-08-29T20:43:00.000+05:302021-08-29T20:43:03.776+05:30TORQUE TABLE<p> <span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">Dear Readers,</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Based on my previous posts you may familiar with grades of bolt, torque of bolt, torque calculations and slip factors. However it is a real challenge in construction industry to determine the torque for bolts. Technically it is based on the applications. Some times client mentioned in drawings or you may get it from technical specifications but most of the times both are missed out. Given below is an ideal chart. This is one of my rare collections. Hope it will be very useful to all engineers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"></span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr80mf6aXk3Iyj5Dhp2D4CoIutq2VZbo3GG857AX0Q-lvAktkvPSnQOzN_J8BvnvLzuELabKgACfTcjXmcXQULAP_iuiCZbJS1Lu-wA2qie46jHBQbv9MptgHRFA07U6zWyYH_34WiHa3Y/s1600/torque_value.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" hea="true" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr80mf6aXk3Iyj5Dhp2D4CoIutq2VZbo3GG857AX0Q-lvAktkvPSnQOzN_J8BvnvLzuELabKgACfTcjXmcXQULAP_iuiCZbJS1Lu-wA2qie46jHBQbv9MptgHRFA07U6zWyYH_34WiHa3Y/s400/torque_value.png" width="399" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"></span> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">For More Details about Torque Click my Previous Post </span><a href="http://strleng.blogspot.in/2012/05/torque.html"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><strong>Torque</strong></span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">For More Details about Grade of Bolts Click my Previous Post </span><a href="http://www.strleng.blogspot.in/2012/08/grade-of-bolts.html"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><strong>Grade</strong></span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">For More Details about Torque Calculations Click </span><a href="http://strleng.blogspot.in/2012/06/torque-calculations.html"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><strong>Calculation</strong></span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">For More Details about Slip Factor/Nut Factor Click </span><a href="http://strleng.blogspot.in/2012/06/nut-factor-slip-factor.html"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><strong>Nut Factor</strong></span></a></span></div>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4335610431470564966.post-89822167352360242802021-07-25T21:10:00.001+05:302021-07-25T21:10:23.996+05:30Stick Welding Tips for Beginners<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear Readers,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Due to COVID-19, past two months there is no posts.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Though Stick Welding is one of the most common forms of arc welding. To be an effective stick welder, one requires higher skill level and mastery of certain techniques. Here are three important things that a beginner needs to focus on.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nPuqmFCIPYsqTmUvfUSShrq6g7Hw8ey9TuQZhGf4Tw5XAi5mz0LqTFw8Pske6wwtGKDpE0RFqqxEk1FVvc8zYNYrpYcQLVLQ1Njljvs5yo_OsWggA1iC6b_DbtEJcB1xP4wSh2AgM-Ek/s357/welding.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nPuqmFCIPYsqTmUvfUSShrq6g7Hw8ey9TuQZhGf4Tw5XAi5mz0LqTFw8Pske6wwtGKDpE0RFqqxEk1FVvc8zYNYrpYcQLVLQ1Njljvs5yo_OsWggA1iC6b_DbtEJcB1xP4wSh2AgM-Ek/s320/welding.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">1). Power or Current Setting</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2). Length of Arc</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3). Angle of Travel</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">4). Manipulation of Electrodes</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">5). Speed of Travel.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Let us discuss in details</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b>Power or Current Setting</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">The welding machine allows you to set the current as DC positive, DC negative or AC. Which current you select, solely depends on the electrode you are using. Look for the current specifications mentioned on the electrode packaging. It is advisable to change the applied current, 5 amps at a time, till you reach the optimum current setting required for the operation. If the set current is lower, the electrode will appear sticky whereas, if you apply higher current, the electrode may get scorched.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b>Length of the Arc</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">While the fact is that the arc length changes with the change of the electrodes, the general rule of thumb is that the length of the arc should not be greater than the diameter of the metal part of the electrode. If the arc is too short, then the electrode may stick to the metal surface due to low voltage. On the other hand, a larger arc may cause spatter and undercuts.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b>Angle of Electrodes</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">The ideal way to hold the electrodes, depends on whether you need to weld on a flat horizontal surface, or on a vertical surface. When welding on a horizontal surface, keep the electrode at an angle of 15 degrees towards the direction of movement. When welding on a vertical surface, tilt it at the same angle away from the angle of movement.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b>Manipulation of Electrodes</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Manipulation of electrodes is nothing but the way the electrodes are moved to produce different results. This is a skill that you can acquire over time, through practice and by observing experienced welders at work. For example, you can manipulate the electrode side-to-side to form a step pattern. When welding along a vertical surface, pay special attention to the sides of the joints to prevent any error.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b>Speed of Travel</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">A useful tip to find the ideal speed of moving the electrode further, is to form a weld pool (a pool of molten metal) and then drive the electrodes at a speed such that your electrodes are always at the leading one-third area of the weld pool. If you move very slowly, it will result in "cold-lap" and poor alignment. On the other hand, moving extremely fast can cause an undercut.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For more details about stick welding , please click </span><a href="https://strleng.blogspot.com/2019/02/stick-welding.html" style="color: #800180;" target="_blank">here</a></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hope you have enjoyed this post and it is useful for the beginners. </span></div>Arivuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335735799042000966noreply@blogger.com1